Without knowing they have the condition, many miss the opportunity to access the care and treatment needed to manage the condition and prevent complications. Diabetes is a growing global health concern but making an early diagnosis is essential for better health outcomes.
In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were living with diabetes, compared with 7% in 1990. More than 40% of adults with diabetes were unaware they had the condition, while 59% of adults aged 30 years and older were not taking medication. In 2023, diabetes directly caused approximately 2 million deaths globally, while diabetes-related kidney disease contributed to a further 390,000 deaths. These figures highlight the need to improve awareness, screening and access to care.
The 2026 World Diabetes Day theme, “Early action on diabetes,” highlights the importance of early diagnosis, comprehensive care and addressing stigma that may prevent people from seeking support. One of the five global diabetes coverage aims to ensure that 80% of people living with diabetes are diagnosed by 2030.
Understanding diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose, allowing the body to use sugar for energy. When insulin production or function is impaired, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, resulting in high blood sugar, also known as hyperglycemia. If uncontrolled, this can damage blood vessels and nerves, affecting organs such as the heart, kidneys and eyes.
There are four main categories of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other specific types. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, resulting in little or no insulin production. It often develops rapidly and is commonly diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can occur at any age. People with type 1 diabetes require daily insulin to survive. Its exact cause is not fully understood, and there are currently no established ways to prevent it.
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Type 2 diabetes is the most common form in adults, accounting for more than 95% of people living with diabetes globally. It develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Risk factors include overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, family history and aging. However, it can also affect people who are not overweight. It often develops gradually, meaning symptoms may go unnoticed for years.
Gestational diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels become higher than normal during pregnancy. It is usually identified through routine antenatal screening. Women who develop gestational diabetes have a higher risk of pregnancy and delivery complications, while both mother and child may face an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Other specific types include diabetes due to diseases of the pancreas (organ which produces insulin required to control blood sugar), including alcohol or gallstone-induced pancreatic damage, surgery or trauma to the pancreas. Other causes include certain drugs (for example, steroids), genetic abnormalities, newborn diabetes, hormonal disorders and infections affecting the pancreas.
Recognizing the symptoms and importance of screening
It is important to be on the lookout for diabetes related symptoms including excessive thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, unexplained weight loss, persistent tiredness and blurred vision. Other signs include slow-healing wounds, recurrent infections, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet. Type 1 symptoms may appear suddenly, while type 2 symptoms often develop gradually. However, some people experience no noticeable symptoms, making routine screening important.
Screening is particularly recommended for people with risk factors such as overweight or obesity, a family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, previous gestational diabetes or physical inactivity. Healthcare providers may recommend blood glucose testing based on age (anyone above 35 years with risk factors should be screened), medical history and risk profile.
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Managing diabetes and preventing complications
Although diabetes is a long-term condition, it can be managed effectively. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes, blood glucose levels and individual health needs. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin, while those with type 2 diabetes may manage their condition through lifestyle changes, medication or both. Treatment may include glucose-lowering medicines or injectable treatments such as insulin. Medication should be taken as prescribed, with adjustments made under medical guidance.
Healthy eating is central to diabetes management. Although no single diet suits everyone, a balanced diet should include high-fibre foods such as vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains, alongside protein and healthy fats. Limiting sugary drinks, highly processed foods and foods highly in saturated fats can support blood glucose and cardiovascular health. A dietitian can provide guidance on food choices and portion sizes.
Regular physical activity helps the body use insulin more effectively and supports blood glucose control. Adults are generally encouraged to undertake at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity each week, alongside strength-building exercises where appropriate. Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco and attending medical reviews are also important. For some people with type 2 diabetes, significant weight loss and sustained lifestyle changes may lead to remission. However, remission does not mean the condition is permanently cured, and continued monitoring remains essential. Currently, some medications can further assist with diabetes and weight management, though they need to be prescribed and closely monitored by a healthcare provider.
Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, nerve damage, vision loss and foot ulcers that may result in amputation. Regular monitoring of blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol, alongside kidney, eye and foot examinations, can help detect complications early.
Diabetes remains a significant global health challenge, but early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and consistent management can make a meaningful difference. People living with diabetes can reduce their risk of complications through regular monitoring and medical care. Improving awareness, addressing misconceptions and encouraging screening are essential to closing the diagnosis gap. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice when risk factors are present are important steps towards better health and quality of life.
